“A small hole not mended in time will become a big hole much difficult to mend.” -Someone very wise The eye is the organ of the body that receives a light stimulus, converts the light signals into electrical signals in the retina which is then transmitted to the brain via the Optic Nerve. The retina is the innermost part of…

“A ray of hope is sometimes all the sunshine we need!” Someone very wise The retina is a thin piece of light sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye. Photoreceptors are specialized cells in the retina that convert light into electrical signals that the brain interprets as vision. There are two general types of photoreceptors, called rods and cones.…

Myelinated nerve fiber layer (mNFL) is a benign clinical entity that results from an embryologic developmental anomaly. Myelination along the visual pathway is noted around the eighth month of gestation, and typically reaches the posterior globe around the time of birth with virtually all fibers reaching complete myelination by age 7 months till the lamina cribrosa. Sometimes, due to altered…

A 54-year-old healthy male presented to us with a decreased vision in right eye since past 8 years. The patient gave a history of bleed in right eye before 8 years for which some intravitreal injection was given; post which there no major visual improvement. No details or documentation was available regarding the same. His BCVA in the right eye…

A 30-year-old young male presented with a drop in vision in the right eye for 1 year (6/60). The fundus examination revealed choroidal hemangioma superotemporal to the macula. Choroidal hemangioma is an unusual benign vascular tumor of the choroid. It can be circumscribed solitary or diffuse tumor with the later having other systemic associations. Circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas (CCHs) are usually…

“Give me a break…said no retina ever!” – Someone very wise As we know, the retina is the light-sensitive layer of the eye responsible for vision. It is like a sheath or a thin blanket which is normally attached to the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroidal layer. The direct apposition of the retina to the RPE is essential for…

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSR or CSCR) is an eye disease characterized by the accumulation of fluid beneath the retina. The human eye is a globe-like structure, which is divided into two compartments by the crystalline lens, known as the anterior segment and posterior segment. Anterior segment of the eye is the part which we can see from outside which includes…

Peri-papillary vascular loops (PVL) are rare congenital vascular malformations, which are usually detected as accidental finding during routine fundus examination. They can often be confused with tributary vein occlusion or racemose hemangioma. Although benign and asymptomatic, they can be rarely associated with vitreous hemorrhage and arterial occlusion. We herein present a case of a 60-year-old hypertensive male, who was diagnosed…

A better understanding of a problem, its timely identification and quick action against it, always gives better results. Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is a condition that affects the macula. In the human eye, the retina is a light-sensitive layer and there is a small area in the centre which is the functional centre of the retina known as the macula,…

The number of diabetics worldwide has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 463 million today, roughly 10% of the total population of Earth. The international diabetic federation is expecting this number to rise to 700 million by 2045, and that is indeed alarming. Out of the total diabetic population, Type 1 diabetes contributes to being approximately 5-10%. Type 1…